Oracle® Database

1 Reviewing Information About This Guide

This guide describes how to install Oracle Database by using the default installation options.

Tasks Described in This Guide

The procedures in this guide describe how to:

• Configure your system to support Oracle Database

• Install Oracle Database on a local file system by using the Basic Installation option

• Configure a general-purpose Oracle Database installation that uses the local file system for database file storage

Results of a Successful Installation

After you successfully install Oracle Database:

• The database that you created and the default Oracle Net listener process run on the system.

• Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control run on the system and can be accessed by using a Web browser.

Tasks Not Described in This Guide

This guide covers the Basic Installation scenario and does not describe how to complete the following tasks:

• Using the Advanced Installation option to install the software

• Installing the software on a system that has an existing Oracle software installation

• Installing Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Real Application Clusters on a cluster

• Enabling Enterprise Manager e-mail notifications or automated backups

• Using alternative storage options such as Automatic Storage Management

Where to Get Additional Installation Information

For more information about installing Oracle Database, including information about the tasks not described in this guide, refer to one of the following guides:

• If you want to install the software on a single system, then refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux.

• If you want to perform a Oracle Real Application Clusters installation, then refer to Oracle Clusterware Installation Guide for Linux and Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide for Linux and UNIX. These guides describe how to install Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Real Application Clusters. Oracle clusterware is a prerequisite for Oracle Real Application Clusters installations.

All these guides are available on the product disc. To access them, use a Web browser to open the welcome.htm file located in the top-level directory of the installation media, and then select the Documentation tab.

2 Logging In to the System as root

Before you install the Oracle software, you must complete several tasks as the root user. To log in as the root user, complete one of the following procedures:

• Following are the steps for installing the software from an X Window System workstation or X terminal:

  1. Start a local terminal session, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

  2. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then enter the following command to enable the remote host to display X applications on the local X server:

     $ xhost fully_qualified_remote_host_name
     
     

     For example:

     $ xhost somehost.us.example.com
     
     

  3. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then use the ssh, rlogin, or telnet command to connect to the system where you want to install the software:

     $ telnet fully_qualified_remote_host_name
     
     

  4. If you are not logged in as the root user, then enter the following command to switch user to root:

     $ sudo sh
     password:
     #
     
     

• Following are the steps for installing the software from a PC or other system with X server software:

  Note:

  If necessary, refer to your X server documentation for more information about completing this procedure. Depending on the X server software that you are using, you may need to complete the tasks in a different order.

  1. Start the X server software.

  2. Configure the security settings of the X server software to permit remote hosts to display X applications on the local system.

  3. Connect to the remote system where you want to install the software and start a terminal session on that system, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

  4. If you are not logged in as the root user on the remote system, then enter the following command to switch user to root:

     $ sudo sh
     password:
     #
     

3 Checking the Hardware Requirements

The system must meet the following minimum hardware requirements:

• Memory Requirements

• Disk Space Requirements

# grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo

# free

# df -k /dev/shm/

4 Checking the Software Requirements

Depending on the products that you intend to install, verify that the following softwares are installed on the system.

• Operating System Requirements

• Kernel Requirements

• Package Requirements

• Compiler Requirements

• Additional Software Requirements

# uname -r

2.6.9-55.0.0.0.2.EL

# rpm -q package_name

5 Creating Required Operating System Groups and Users

The following local operating system groups and users are required if you are installing Oracle Database:

• The Oracle Inventory group (oinstall)

• The OSDBA group (dba)

• The Oracle software owner (oracle)

• An unprivileged user (nobody)

To determine whether these groups and users already exist, and if necessary, to create them, follow these steps:

1. To determine whether the oinstall group exists, enter the following command:

   # more /etc/oraInst.loc
   
   

   If the output of this command shows the oinstall group name, then the group already exists.

   If the oraInst.loc file exists, then the output from this command is similar to the following:

   inventory_loc=/u01/app/oraInventory
   inst_group=oinstall
   
   

   The inst_group parameter shows the name of the Oracle Inventory group, oinstall.

2. To determine whether the dba group exists, enter the following command:

   # grep dba /etc/group
   
   

   If the output from this commands shows the dba group name, then the group already exists.

3. If necessary, enter the following commands to create the oinstall and dba groups:

   # /usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall
   # /usr/sbin/groupadd dba
   
   

4. To determine whether the oracle user exists and belongs to the correct groups, enter the following command:

   # id oracle
   
   

   If the oracle user exists, then this command displays information about the groups to which the user belongs. The output should be similar to the following, indicating that oinstall is the primary group and dba is a secondary group:

   uid=440(oracle) gid=200(oinstall) groups=201(dba),202(oper)
   
   

5. If necessary, complete one of the following actions:

   • If the oracle user exists, but its primary group is not oinstall or it is not a member of the dba group, then enter the following command:

     # /usr/sbin/usermod -g oinstall -G dba oracle
     
     

   • If the oracle user does not exist, enter the following command to create it:

     # /usr/sbin/useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle
     
     

     This command creates the oracle user and specifies oinstall as the primary group and dba as the secondary group.

6. Enter the following command to set the password of the oracle user:

   # passwd oracle
   
   

7. To determine whether the nobody user exists, enter the following command:

   # id nobody
   
   

   If this command displays information about the nobody user, then you do not have to create the user.

   If the nobody user does not exist, then enter the following command to create it:

   # /usr/sbin/useradd nobody
   

6 Configuring Kernel Parameters

Verify that the kernel parameters shown in the following table are set to values greater than or equal to the recommended value shown. The procedure following the table describes how to verify and set the values.

To view the current value specified for these kernel parameters, and to change them if necessary:

1. Enter commands similar to the following to view the current values of the kernel parameters:

   Note:

   Make a note of the current values and identify any values that you must change.

   Parameter	Command
   semmsl, semmns, semopm, and semmni	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep sem This command displays the value of the semaphore parameters in the order listed.
   shmall, shmmax, and shmmni	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep shm
   file-max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max
   ip_local_port_range	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range
   rmem_default	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default
   rmem_max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max
   wmem_default	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default
   wmem_max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max

   
   

2. If the value of any kernel parameter is different from the recommended value, then complete the following steps:

   • Using any text editor, create or edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file, and add or edit lines similar to the following:

     Note:

     Include lines only for the kernel parameter values that you want to change. For the semaphore parameters (kernel.sem), you must specify all four values. However, if any of the current values are larger than the recommended value, then specify the larger value.

     kernel.shmall = 2097152
     kernel.shmmax = 2147483648
     kernel.shmmni = 4096
     kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
     fs.file-max = 65536
     net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
     net.core.rmem_default = 4194304
     net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
     net.core.wmem_default = 262144
     net.core.wmem_max = 262144
     
     

     By specifying the values in the /etc/sysctl.conf file, they persist when you restart the system.

   • Enter the following command to change the current values of the kernel parameters:

     # /sbin/sysctl -p
     
     

     Review the output from this command to verify that the values are correct. If the values are incorrect, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file, then enter this command again.

Setting Shell Limits for the oracle User

To improve the performance of the software, you must increase the following shell limits for the oracle user:

To increase the shell limits:

1. Add the following lines in the /etc/security/limits.conf file:

   oracle           soft    nproc   2047
   oracle           hard    nproc   16384
   oracle           soft    nofile  1024
   oracle           hard    nofile  65536
   
   

2. Add the following line to the /etc/pam.d/login file, if it does not already exist:

   session    required     /lib/security/pam_limits.so
   session    required     pam_limits.so
   
   

3. Depending on the oracle user's default shell, make the following changes to the default shell startup file:

   • For the Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell, add the following lines in the /etc/profile file (or the /etc/profile.local file on SUSE systems):

     if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
             if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
                   ulimit -p 16384
                   ulimit -n 65536
             else
                   ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
             fi
     fi
     
     

   • For the C shell, add the following lines in the /etc/csh.login file (or the /etc/csh.login.local file on SUSE systems):

     if ( $USER == "oracle" ) then
             limit maxproc 16384
             limit descriptors 65536
     endif
     

7 Creating Required Directories

Create directories with names similar to the following, and specify the correct owner, group, and permissions for them:

• The Oracle base directory

• An optional Oracle data file directory

The Oracle base directory must have 3 GB of free disk space, or 4 GB of free disk space if you choose not to create a separate Oracle data file directory.

To create the Oracle base directory:

1. Enter the following command to display information about all mounted file systems:

   # df -k
   
   

   This command displays information about all the file systems mounted on the system, including:

   • The physical device name

   • The total amount, used amount, and available amount of disk space

   • The mount point directory for that file system

2. From the display, identify either one or two file systems that meet the disk space requirements mentioned earlier in this section.

3. Note the name of the mount point directory for each file system that you identified.

4. Enter commands similar to the following to create the recommended subdirectories in the mount point directory that you identified and set the appropriate owner, group, and permissions on them:

   # mkdir -p /mount_point/app/
   # chown -R oracle:oinstall /mount_point/app/
   # chmod -R 775 /mount_point/app/
   
   

   For example:

   # mkdir -p /u01/app/
   # chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/
   # chmod -R 775 /u01/app/
   
   

8 Configuring the oracle User's Environment

You run Oracle Universal Installer from the oracle account. However, before you start Oracle Universal Installer, you must configure the environment of the oracle user. To configure the environment, you must:

• Set the default file mode creation mask (umask) to 022 in the shell startup file.

• Set the DISPLAY environment variable.

To set the oracle user's environment:

1. Start a new terminal session, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

2. Enter the following command to ensure that X Window applications can display on this system:

   $ xhost fully_qualified_remote_host_name
   
   

   For example:

   $ xhost somehost.us.example.com
   
   

3. Complete one of the following steps:

   • If the terminal session is not connected to the system where you want to install the software, then log in to that system as the oracle user.

   • If the terminal session is connected to the system where you want to install the software, then switch user to oracle:

     $ su - oracle
     
     

4. To determine the default shell for the oracle user, enter the following command:

   $ echo $SHELL
   
   

5. Open the oracle user's shell startup file in any text editor:

   • Bash shell (bash) on SUSE:

     $ vi .profile
     
     

   • Bourne shell (sh), Bash shell on Red Hat (bash), or Korn shell (ksh):

     $ vi .bash_profile
     
     

   • C shell (csh or tcsh):

     % vi .login
     
     

6. Enter or edit the following line in the shell startup file, specifying a value of 022 for the default file mode creation mask:

   umask 022
   
   

7. If the ORACLE_SID, ORACLE_HOME, or ORACLE_BASE environment variable is set in the file, then remove the corresponding lines from the file.

8. Save the file, and exit from the editor.

9. To run the shell startup script, enter the following command:

   • Bash shell on Red Hat:

     $ . ./.bash_profile
     
     

   • Bourne shell, Bash shell on SUSE, or Korn shell:

     $ . ./.profile
     
     

   • C shell:

     % source ./.login
     
     

10. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then enter a command similar to the following to direct X applications to display on the local system:

    • Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

      $ DISPLAY=local_host:0.0 ; export DISPLAY
      
      

    • C shell:

      % setenv DISPLAY local_host:0.0
      
      

    In this example, local_host is the host name or IP address of the system that you want to use to display Oracle Universal Installer (your workstation or PC).

11. If you determined that the /tmp directory had insufficient free disk space when checking the hardware requirements, then identify a file system with the required amount of free space and set the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables as follows:

    1. Use the df -k command to identify a suitable file system with sufficient free space.

    2. If necessary, enter commands similar to the following to create a temporary directory on the file system that you identified, and set the appropriate permissions on the directory:

       # sudo mkdir /mount_point/tmp
       # sudo chmod a+wr /mount_point/tmp
       # exit
       
       

    3. Enter commands similar to the following to set the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables:

       Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

       $ TMP=/mount_point/tmp
       $ TMPDIR=/mount_point/tmp
       $ export TMP TMPDIR
       
       

       C shell:

       % setenv TMP /mount_point/tmp
       % setenv TMPDIR /mount_point/tmp
       
       

12. Enter commands similar to the following to set the ORACLE_BASE and ORACLE_SID environment variables:

    • Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

      $ ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
      $ ORACLE_SID=sales
      $ export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID
      
      

    • C shell:

      % setenv ORACLE_BASE /u01/app/oracle
      % setenv ORACLE_SID sales
      
      

    In these examples, /u01/app/oracle is the Oracle base directory that you created or identified earlier and sales is the name that you want to call the database (typically no more than five characters).

13. Enter the following commands to ensure that the ORACLE_HOME and TNS_ADMIN environment variables are not set:

    Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

    $ unset ORACLE_HOME
    $ unset TNS_ADMIN
    
    

    C shell:

    % unsetenv ORACLE_HOME
    % unsetenv TNS_ADMIN
    
    

14. To verify that the environment has been set correctly, enter the following commands:

    $ umask
    $ env | more
    
    

    Verify that the umask command displays a value of 22, 022, or 0022 and the environment variables that you set in this section have the correct values.

9 Mounting the Product Disc

On most Linux systems, the product disc mounts automatically when you insert it into the drive. If the disc does not mount automatically, then follow these steps to mount it:

1. Enter a command similar to the following to eject the currently mounted disc, then remove it from the drive:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     $ sudo eject /mnt/dvd
     
     

   • SUSE:

     # eject /media/dvd
     
     

   In these examples, /mnt/dvd and /media/dvd are the mount point directories for the disc drive.

2. Insert the DVD into the disc drive.

3. To verify that the disc mounted automatically, enter a command similar to the following:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     # ls /mnt/dvd
     
     

   • SUSE:

     # ls /media/dvd
     
     

4. If this command fails to display the contents of the disc, then enter a command similar to the following:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     # mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvd /mnt/dvd
     
     

   • SUSE:

     # mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvd /media/dvd
     
     

   In these examples, /mnt/dvd and /media/dvd are the mount point directories for the disc drive.

10 Installing Oracle Database

After configuring the oracle user's environment, start Oracle Universal Installer and install Oracle Database as follows:

1. To start Oracle Universal Installer, enter the following command:

   $ /mount_point/db/runInstaller
   
   

   If Oracle Universal Installer does not start, then refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux for information about how to troubleshoot X Window display problems.

2. The following table describes the recommended action for each Oracle Universal Installer screen. Use the following guidelines to complete the installation:

   • If you need more assistance, or if you want to choose an option that is not a default, then click Help for additional information.

   • If you encounter errors while installing or linking the software, then refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux for information about troubleshooting.

   Note:

   If you have completed the tasks listed previously, then you can complete the installation by choosing the default values on most screens.

   Screen	Recommended Action
   Select a Product to Install	This screen enables you to install any one for the following products: Oracle Database 11g Oracle Client Oracle Clusterware Click Next.
   Select Installation Method	The Basic Installation option is selected by default. Specify the directory path of the Oracle home. Ensure that the oinstall group is selected. If you want to create a starter database, then specify a name and password for it. Then, click Next.
   Specify Inventory Directory and Credentials	This screen is displayed only during the first installation of Oracle products on a system. Specify the full path of the Oracle Inventory directory. Ensure that the operating system group selected is oinstall. Then, click Next.
   Product-Specific Prerequisite Checks	Verify that all of the prerequisite checks succeed, and then click Next. Oracle Universal Installer checks the system to verify that it is configured correctly to run Oracle software. If you have completed all of the preinstallation steps in this guide, all of the checks should pass. If a check fails, then review the cause of the failure listed for that check on the screen. If possible, rectify the problem and rerun the check. Alternatively, if you are satisfied that your system meets the requirements, then you can select the check box for the failed check to manually verify the requirement.
   Oracle Configuration Manager	Enter the Customer Identification Number, Metalink User Name, Country code, and Click Next. The new screen prompts you to accept the license agreement. Click Accept license Agreement to accept the agreement. If you decline this agreement, then Oracle Configuration Manager is installed but not configured.
   Summary	Review the information displayed on this screen, and then click Install.
   Install	This screen displays status information while the product is installed.
   Configuration Assistants	This screen displays status information for the configuration assistants that configure the software and create a database. When the message is displayed at the end of this process, click OK to continue.
   Execute Configuration Scripts	When prompted, read the instructions and then run the scripts mentioned on this screen. Click OK to continue.
   End of Installation	The configuration assistants configure several Web-based applications, including Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control. This screen displays the URLs configured for these applications. Make a note of the URLs used. The port numbers used in these URLs are also recorded in the following file: oracle_home/install/portlist.ini To exit from Oracle Universal Installer, click Exit and then click Yes.

   
   

11 Installing Oracle Database Examples

If you plan to use the following products or features, then download and install the products from the Oracle Database Examples media:

• Oracle JDBC Development Drivers

• Oracle Database Examples

• Oracle Context Companion

• Various Oracle product demonstrations

For information about installing software and various Oracle product demonstrations from the Oracle Database Examples media, refer to Oracle Database Examples Installation Guide.

12 What to Do Next?

To become familiar with this release of Oracle Database, it is recommended that you complete the following tasks:

• Log in to Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control using a Web browser.

  Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control is a Web-based application that you can use to manage a single Oracle Database installation. The default URL for Database Control is similar to the following:

  http://host.domain:1158/em/
  
  

  To log in, use the user name SYS and connect as SYSDBA. Use the password that you specified for this user during the Oracle Database 11g installation.

• Refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux for information about required and optional postinstallation tasks, depending on the products that you want to use.

• Refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux for information about how to use Database Control to learn about the configuration of your installed database.

• To learn more about using Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control to administer a database, refer to Oracle Database 2 Day DBA.

  This guide, designed for new Oracle DBAs, describes how to use Database Control to manage all aspects of an Oracle Database installation. It also provides information about how to enable e-mail notifications and automated backups, which you might not have configured during the installation.

13 Additional Information

This section contains information about the following:

• Product Licenses

• Purchasing Licenses, Version Updates, and Documentation

• Contacting Oracle Support Services

• Locating Product Documentation

Product Licenses

You are welcome to install and evaluate the products included in this media pack for 30 days under the terms of the Trial License Agreement. However, you must purchase a program license if you want to continue using any product after the 30 day evaluation period. See the following section for information about purchasing program licenses.

Purchasing Licenses, Version Updates, and Documentation

You can purchase program licenses, updated versions of Oracle products, and printed versions of Oracle documentation from the Oracle Store Web site:

http://oraclestore.oracle.com

Contacting Oracle Support Services

If you have purchased Oracle Product Support, you can call Oracle Support Services for assistance 24 hours a day, seven days a week. For information about purchasing Oracle Product Support or contacting Oracle Support Services, go to the Oracle Support Services Web site:

http://www.oracle.com/support

Locating Product Documentation

Documentation for Oracle products is available in both HTML and Adobe portable document format (PDF) formats from several locations:

• On discs in the media pack:

  • Platform-specific documentation is available on the product discs. To access this documentation, see the welcome.htm file located in the top-level directory of the installation media.

  • Generic product documentation is available in the Oracle Documentation Library.

• From the Oracle Technology Network Web site:

  http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation

To view PDF documents, download the free Adobe Acrobat Reader from the Adobe Web site, if necessary:

http://www.adobe.com

14 Documentation Accessibility

Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation accessible, with good usability, to the disabled community. To that end, our documentation includes features that make information available to users of assistive technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains markup to facilitate access by the disabled community. Accessibility standards will continue to evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be accessible to all of our customers. For more information, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program Web site at

http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/

Accessibility of Code Examples in Documentation

Screen readers may not always correctly read the code examples in this document. The conventions for writing code require that closing braces should appear on an otherwise empty line; however, some screen readers may not always read a line of text that consists solely of a bracket or brace.

Accessibility of Links to External Web Sites in Documentation

This documentation may contain links to Web sites of other companies or organizations that Oracle does not own or control. Oracle neither evaluates nor makes any representations regarding the accessibility of these Web sites.

TTY Access to Oracle Support Services

Oracle provides dedicated Text Telephone (TTY) access to Oracle Support Services within the United States of America 24 hours a day, seven days a week. For TTY support, call 800.446.2398.